Hi
Hard facts to take them head on.
hastings
========
Human evolution is speeding up
Taken from BBC NEWS
By Anna-Marie Lever Science and nature reporter, BBC News
Humans have moved into the evolutionary fast lane and are becoming increasingly different, a genetic study suggests.
In the past 5,000 years, genetic change has occurred at a rate roughly 100 times higher than any other period, say scientists in the US.
This is in contrast with the widely-held belief that recent human evolution has halted.
The research has been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Professor Henry Harpending, an author of the study from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, US, said: "The dogma has been these [differences] are cultural fluctuations, but almost any temperament trait you look at is under strong genetic influences.
"Genes are evolving fast in Europe, Asia and Africa, but almost all of these are unique to their continent of origin," he added. "We are getting less alike, not merging into a single, mixed humanity."
This is happening, he said, because "there has not been much flow" between different regions since modern humans left Africa to colonise the rest of the world. And there is no evidence that it is slowing down, he added.
"The technology can't detect anything beyond about 2,000 years ago, but we see no sign of [human evolution] slowing down. So I would suspect it is continuing," he told BBC News.
New gene selection
Researchers found evidence of recent selection in 7% of all human genes, including lighter skin and blue eyes in northern Europe and partial resistance to diseases, such as malaria, among some African populations.
At the moment we are in an evolutionary interval. We are in between two storms
Professor Steve Jones, geneticist
"Five thousand years is such a small sliver of time," said co-author Professor John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. "It's 100 or 200 generations ago. That's how long since some of these genes originated, and today they are in 30% or 40% of people because they've had such an advantage."
The researchers propose that there are two factors causing human evolution to speed up.
"One of them is there are a lot more people - the more people you have the more opportunities there are for an advantageous mutation to show up," said Professor Harpending.
A large population has more genetic variation and allows for more positive selection than a small one.
"The second is environmental change - our diets have changed, we are in radically new environments," he added. "With a large population size comes lots of new diseases."
Happening now?
However, geneticist Professor Steve Jones of University College London said suggesting a large population size could increase the speed of evolution was "a contentious issue".
Seven percent of human genes are undergoing rapid evolution
"Once a population gets above a very small size it is not very clear if its ability to respond to natural selection depends on size," he told BBC News.
"The general picture that evolution has speeded up in the last 10,000 years as we change from, to put it bluntly, being animals to being humans is clearly true," he explained. "To suggest it is happening at this instant, I would suggest, is probably wrong."
He said natural selection needed difference - either in the ability to stay alive or in the number of offspring born.
"The fundamental observation is that this difference has gone," said Professor Jones.
"At the moment we are in an evolutionary interval. We are in between two storms. One storm has more or less blown itself out, the storm of farming.
"The question is whether we are going to stay in the calms or whether another great storm will start. And if there is one, I would say it is most certainly to do with epidemic disease."
How they did it
The study looked specifically at genetic variations called "single nucleotide polymorphisms," or SNPs. These are single-point mutations, or changes, in the genetic sequence of DNA on chromosomes.
If the mutation is advantageous then it will spread rapidly in the population, along with DNA on either side of the mutation.
The authors argued that if the same chromosome from numerous people had a segment with an identical pattern of SNPs this would indicate that the segment of the chromosome had not been broken up (recombined) recently.
Tuesday, January 22, 2008
Saturday, January 19, 2008
TATA NANO TECHNOLOGY
Thanks to Dr Gwynne Dyer
It takes a man to put down the sentiments in your article
and you are proving to be one of the best brains on our
planet earth.
You set in a good novel thesis alltogether of what it takes
to reduce the carbon emmissions.
Hastings
=========
Nano Hypocrisy
By Gwynne Dyer
http://www.gwynnedy er.net/articles/ Gwynne%20Dyer% 20article_ %20%20Tehran% 20Times.txt
The jokes about the Nano, Tata Motors' new affordable car for theIndian middle class, were harmless, although very old. They told the samejokes about the Fiat 500 and the Citroen 2CV in the 1950s, when mass carownership first came to Europe. "How do you double the value of a Nano?""Fill the tank." "How many engineers does it take to make a Nano?" "Two.One to fold and one to apply the glue." But the hypocrisy wasn't funny atall.
The typical story in the Western media began by marvelling thatTata has managed to build a car that will sell for only 100,000 rupees (US$2,500). Everybody agrees that it's "cute", and it will take five peopleprovided they don't all inhale at the same time. It has no radio, no airconditioning, and only one big windshield wiper, but such economies meanthat it really is within reach of tens of millions of Indians who couldonly afford a scooter up to now. And that is where the hypocrisy kicked in.
What will become of us when all those Indians start driving aroundin cars? There's over a billion of them, and the world just can't take anymore emissions. It's not the "People's Car," as Tata bills it, but ratherthe "People's Polluter," moaned Canada's National Post. "A few dozenmillion new cars pumping out pollution in a state of semi-permanentgridlock is hardly what the Kyoto Protocol had in mind."
But hang on a minute. Aren't there more than a dozen million carsin Canada already, even though it only has one-thirtieth of India'spopulation? Aren't they on average twice the size of the Nano (or, in thecase of the larger SUV's, five times the size)? Does the phrase "doublestandard" come to mind?
"India's vehicles spewed 219 million tonnes of carbon dioxide intothe atmosphere in 2005," fretted The Guardian in London. "Experts say thatfigure will jump almost sevenfold to 1,470 million tonnes by 2035 if cartravel remains unchecked." And the Washington Post wrote: "If millions ofIndians and Chinese get to have their own cars, the planet is doomed.Suddenly, the cute little Nano starts to look a lot less winning." Butpractically every family in the United States and Britain already has itsown car (or two).
Don't they realise how ugly it sounds? Don't they understand thateverybody on the planet has an equal right to own a car, if they can affordit? If the total number of people who can afford cars exceeds the numberof cars that the planet can tolerate, then we will just have to work out arationing system that everybody finds fair, or live with the consequencesof exceeding the limits.
"Contraction and convergence" is the phrase they need to learn. Itwas coined almost twenty years ago by South African-born activist AubreyMeyer, founder of the Global Commons Institute, and it is still the onlyplausible way that we might get global agreement on curbing greenhouse gasemissions worldwide.
The notion is simply that we must agree on a figure for totalglobal emissions that cannot be exceeded, rather as we set fishing quotasin order to preserve fish stocks. Then we divide that amount by six and ahalf billion (the total population of the planet), and that gives us theper capita emission limit for everyone on Earth.
Of course, some people (in the developed countries, mostly) arecurrently emitting ten or twenty times as much as other people (mainly inthe developing countries), but eventually that will have to stop. The bigemitters will gradually have to "contract" their per capita emissions,while the poor countries may continue to grow theirs, until at an agreeddate some decades in the future the two groups "converge" at the same levelof per capita emissions. And that level, by prior agreement, will be lowenough that global emissions remain below the danger point.
If you don't like that idea, then you can go with the alternative:a free-for-all world in which everybody moves towards the level of percapita emissions that now prevails in the developed countries. Nonegotiations or treaties required: it will happen of its own accord. Sowill runaway climate change, with average global temperatures as much as 6degrees C (10 degrees F) higher by the end of the century. That means afuture of famine, war and mass death.
Clucking disapprovingly about mass car ownership in India or Chinamisses the point entirely. At the moment there are only eleven privatecars for every thousand Indians. There are 477 cars for every thousandAmericans. By mid-century, there will have to be the same number of carsper thousand people for both Indians and Americans -- and that number willhave to be a lot lower than 477, unless somebody comes up with cars thatemit no greenhouse gases at all. Otherwise, everybody loses.
____________ _________ _________ ________
To shorten to 725 words, omit paragraphs 3 and 4. ("What will...mind? ") Gwynne Dyer is a London-based independent journalist whose articlesare published in 45 countries.
It takes a man to put down the sentiments in your article
and you are proving to be one of the best brains on our
planet earth.
You set in a good novel thesis alltogether of what it takes
to reduce the carbon emmissions.
Hastings
=========
Nano Hypocrisy
By Gwynne Dyer
http://www.gwynnedy er.net/articles/ Gwynne%20Dyer% 20article_ %20%20Tehran% 20Times.txt
The jokes about the Nano, Tata Motors' new affordable car for theIndian middle class, were harmless, although very old. They told the samejokes about the Fiat 500 and the Citroen 2CV in the 1950s, when mass carownership first came to Europe. "How do you double the value of a Nano?""Fill the tank." "How many engineers does it take to make a Nano?" "Two.One to fold and one to apply the glue." But the hypocrisy wasn't funny atall.
The typical story in the Western media began by marvelling thatTata has managed to build a car that will sell for only 100,000 rupees (US$2,500). Everybody agrees that it's "cute", and it will take five peopleprovided they don't all inhale at the same time. It has no radio, no airconditioning, and only one big windshield wiper, but such economies meanthat it really is within reach of tens of millions of Indians who couldonly afford a scooter up to now. And that is where the hypocrisy kicked in.
What will become of us when all those Indians start driving aroundin cars? There's over a billion of them, and the world just can't take anymore emissions. It's not the "People's Car," as Tata bills it, but ratherthe "People's Polluter," moaned Canada's National Post. "A few dozenmillion new cars pumping out pollution in a state of semi-permanentgridlock is hardly what the Kyoto Protocol had in mind."
But hang on a minute. Aren't there more than a dozen million carsin Canada already, even though it only has one-thirtieth of India'spopulation? Aren't they on average twice the size of the Nano (or, in thecase of the larger SUV's, five times the size)? Does the phrase "doublestandard" come to mind?
"India's vehicles spewed 219 million tonnes of carbon dioxide intothe atmosphere in 2005," fretted The Guardian in London. "Experts say thatfigure will jump almost sevenfold to 1,470 million tonnes by 2035 if cartravel remains unchecked." And the Washington Post wrote: "If millions ofIndians and Chinese get to have their own cars, the planet is doomed.Suddenly, the cute little Nano starts to look a lot less winning." Butpractically every family in the United States and Britain already has itsown car (or two).
Don't they realise how ugly it sounds? Don't they understand thateverybody on the planet has an equal right to own a car, if they can affordit? If the total number of people who can afford cars exceeds the numberof cars that the planet can tolerate, then we will just have to work out arationing system that everybody finds fair, or live with the consequencesof exceeding the limits.
"Contraction and convergence" is the phrase they need to learn. Itwas coined almost twenty years ago by South African-born activist AubreyMeyer, founder of the Global Commons Institute, and it is still the onlyplausible way that we might get global agreement on curbing greenhouse gasemissions worldwide.
The notion is simply that we must agree on a figure for totalglobal emissions that cannot be exceeded, rather as we set fishing quotasin order to preserve fish stocks. Then we divide that amount by six and ahalf billion (the total population of the planet), and that gives us theper capita emission limit for everyone on Earth.
Of course, some people (in the developed countries, mostly) arecurrently emitting ten or twenty times as much as other people (mainly inthe developing countries), but eventually that will have to stop. The bigemitters will gradually have to "contract" their per capita emissions,while the poor countries may continue to grow theirs, until at an agreeddate some decades in the future the two groups "converge" at the same levelof per capita emissions. And that level, by prior agreement, will be lowenough that global emissions remain below the danger point.
If you don't like that idea, then you can go with the alternative:a free-for-all world in which everybody moves towards the level of percapita emissions that now prevails in the developed countries. Nonegotiations or treaties required: it will happen of its own accord. Sowill runaway climate change, with average global temperatures as much as 6degrees C (10 degrees F) higher by the end of the century. That means afuture of famine, war and mass death.
Clucking disapprovingly about mass car ownership in India or Chinamisses the point entirely. At the moment there are only eleven privatecars for every thousand Indians. There are 477 cars for every thousandAmericans. By mid-century, there will have to be the same number of carsper thousand people for both Indians and Americans -- and that number willhave to be a lot lower than 477, unless somebody comes up with cars thatemit no greenhouse gases at all. Otherwise, everybody loses.
____________ _________ _________ ________
To shorten to 725 words, omit paragraphs 3 and 4. ("What will...mind? ") Gwynne Dyer is a London-based independent journalist whose articlesare published in 45 countries.
Monday, January 7, 2008
2008 greetings to all
Hi
2008 is here, I will be bring more scientific news in biotechnology,
field this year.
wishing you all the best of 2008.
hastings
2008 is here, I will be bring more scientific news in biotechnology,
field this year.
wishing you all the best of 2008.
hastings
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